Стрельба в Нью-Йоркском метрополитене (1984)
Стрельба Бернарда Гетца в нью-йоркском метро
22 декабря 1984 года произошёл инцидент, получивший широкую известность как «дело Гетца» — стрельба в вагоне нью-йоркского метро, совершённая Бернардом Гетцем. В результате происшествия четверо афроамериканских подростков получили огнестрельные ранения, причём один из них, Даррелл Кэби, получил тяжёлые повреждения, приведшие к параличу и нарушению мозговой деятельности. Данное событие вызвало значительный общественный резонанс и стало предметом многолетних судебных разбирательств.
Предыстория инцидента[править | править код]
Ранним утром 22 декабря 1984 года четверо молодых людей из Бронкса — 19-летние Барри Аллен, Трой Канти и Даррелл Кэби, а также 18-летний Джеймс Рамсер — находились в вагоне поезда второй линии метрополитена Нью-Йорка. Состав следовал экспресс-маршрутом по линии Бродвея и Седьмой авеню в направлении центра Манхэттена. Согласно последующим показаниям Троя Канти, они направлялись с целью ограбления игрового зала. На станции 14-я улица/Шестая авеню в вагон вошёл 37-летний Бернард Гетц. В вагоне модели R22, седьмом в составе из десяти, находилось около пятнадцати-двадцати пассажиров.
Ход событий[править | править код]
Последовательность событий получила различные трактовки в показаниях участников и свидетелей. По версии Троя Канти, он обратился к Гетцу с вопросом «Как дела?», после чего попросил пять долларов. Гетц в своих показаниях утверждал, что к Канти присоединился ещё один подросток, а сама просьба, высказанная нормальным тоном с улыбкой, была воспринята им как угроза.
Согласно установленным в 1986 году Апелляционным судом штата Нью-Йорк фактам, Гетц достал револьвер Smith & Wesson Model 38 и произвёл четыре выстрела, ранив троих подростков. Затем он подошёл к лежащему на полу Дарреллу Кэби, произнёс фразу «Ты не так уж плохо выглядишь. Вот ещё один» и выстрелил ещё раз, но промахнулся. Один из предыдущих выстрелов серьёзно повредил позвоночник Кэби, что привело к необратимому повреждению мозга и частичному параличу.
Последующие действия Гетца[править | править код]
После стрельбы Гетц покинул место происшествия на такси, добрался до своего дома на 14-й улице, арендовал автомобиль и уехал в город Беннингтон (Вермонт). Там он уничтожил улики: сжёг куртку, в которой был во время инцидента, а также разобрал и разбросал детали револьвера в лесистой местности. В последующие дни он перемещался по Новой Англии, останавливаясь в различных отелях.
29 декабря Гетц связался со своей соседкой Майрой Фридман, которая сообщила ему о визите полиции и оставленных записках с требованием выйти на связь. Через девять дней после инцидента он добровольно сдался правоохранительным органам.
Судебное разбирательство[править | править код]
- Предъявленные обвинения
Окружной прокурор Манхэттена Роберт Моргентау настаивал на предъявлении Гетцу обвинений по строгим статьям, включая четыре пункта покушения на убийство, четыре пункта нападения, четыре пункта неосторожного создания угрозы и один пункт незаконного хранения оружия. Однако 25 января 1985 года большое жюри отказалось утвердить обвинения, связанные с насилием, оставив лишь нарушение закона об оружии.
В итоговом обвинительном заключении фигурировали три пункта: - Преступное хранение оружия третьей степени (ношение заряженного нелицензированного револьвера в общественном месте) - Два пункта хранения оружия четвёртой степени (касательно двух других нелицензированных пистолетов, обнаруженных при обыске)
- Ход процесса
Защиту Гетца возглавляли адвокаты Барри Слотник и Марк Бейкер. Гетц не оспаривал факт стрельбы, но настаивал на том, что его действия подпадали под статью 35.15(2) Уголовного кодекса штата Нью-Йорк о самообороне.
Свидетельские показания значительно расходились в ключевых деталях. Трой Канти утверждал, что лишь просил милостыню, обратившись с фразой «Можно мне 5 долларов?». Джеймс Рамсер поддерживал эту версию, но его показания были исключены из материалов дела после отказа отвечать на вопросы защиты.
Бывший медицинский эксперт округа Саффолк Доминик Димайо представил заключение, согласно которому подростки в момент открытия огня находились в позиции, образующей полукруг вокруг Гетца. Восемь других свидетелей описывали стрельбу как быструю последовательность выстрелов.
- Приговор и апелляции
Присяжные признали Гетца виновным лишь по одному пункту обвинения — ношение нелицензированного оружия — и оправдали по всем остальным. Первоначально он был приговорён к шести месяцам тюрьмы, но после апелляции, в которой Гетц указал на чрезмерную мягкость наказания, судья Стивен Крейн вынес новый приговор: один год лишения свободы и штраф в размере пяти тысяч долларов. Фактически Гетц отбыл восемь месяцев тюремного заключения.
Гражданский иск[править | править код]
В 1996 году состоялось судебное разбирательство по гражданскому иску Даррелла Кэби против Бернарда Гетца. Состав присяжных по гражданскому делу наполовину состоял из афроамериканцев, все его члены были жителями Бронкса.
Жюри присяжных установило, что Гетц действовал с преступной неосторожностью и умышленно причинил Кэби тяжелейший эмоциональный вред. Суд обязал Гетца выплатить компенсацию в размере 43 миллионов долларов США (эквивалентно 86 миллионам долларов в современном исчислении), из которых 18 миллионов составляли возмещение за физические и душевные страдания, а 25 миллионов — штрафные санкции.
Гетц инициировал процедуру банкротства, но суд постановил, что обязательство по выплате 43 миллионов долларов не может быть списано. Было установлено, что с его доходов в течение последующих двадцати лет подлежало удержанию 10 процентов. По состоянию на 2004 год Гетц утверждал, что не произвёл никаких выплат по решению суда.
Общественная реакция[править | править код]
Инцидент вызвал широкий общественный резонанс. Опрос, проведённый в январе 1985 года Daily News и WABC-TV, показал, что 49% из 515 опрошенных жителей Нью-Йорка одобряли действия Гетца. Общенациональный опрос Gallup в марте выявил ещё более высокий уровень поддержки — 57% респондентов.
Со временем наметился раскол в общественном мнении по расовому признаку. Если в январе лишь 36% чернокожих респондентов в Нью-Йорке не одобряли действия Гетца, то к марту эта цифра выросла до 53%.
Сторонники Гетца видели в нём героя, давшего отпор преступникам в условиях неэффективной работы полиции. Его поддержали различные группы, включая патрульную группу «Ангелы-хранители» и Конгресс расового равенства.
Оправдательный вердикт по тяжким статьям вызвал резкую критику со стороны лидеров гражданских прав. Бенджамин Хукс, исполнительный директор Национальной ассоциации содействия прогрессу цветного населения, назвал приговор «непростительным».
Дальнейшие события[править | править код]
- Участники инцидента
Даррелл Кэби остался с необратимым повреждением головного мозга и парализованный ниже пояса. В 1985 году было официально установлено, что его умственные способности соответствуют уровню восьмилетнего ребёнка.
Джеймс Рамсер в 1986 году был признан виновным в изнасиловании и ограблении беременной женщины. Он получил условно-досрочное освобождение в 2002 году, но вскоре нарушил его условия и был возвращён в тюрьму до июля 2010 года.
Барри Аллен в 1991 году был признан виновным в ограблении и приговорён к тюремному заключению сроком от трёх с половиной до семи лет.
- Дальнейшая жизнь Гетца
После суда Бернард Гетц периодически возвращался в центр общественного внимания. В 2001 году он безуспешно баллотировался на пост мэра Нью-Йорка, а в 2005 году — на должность общественного защитника. В 2013 году он был арестован по обвинению в попытке продажи марихуаны.
В 2023 году дело Гетца вновь оказалось в центре общественной дискуссии в связи с проведением параллелей с убийством Джордана Нили в нью-йоркском метро.
В популярной культуре[править | править код]
В 1989 году Билли Джоэл включил упоминание «Берни Гетц» в свой хит We Didn’t Start the Fire.
В 2019 году режиссёр Тодд Филлипс признал, что образ Артура Флека, главного героя фильма «Джокер», был частично основан на фигуре Гетца.
Ссылки[править | править код]
- Personal site of Goetz
- Justice Stephen G. Crane Papers on the Bernhard Goetz Trial and Other Cases, 1981–2000, MS 3152
- New-York Historical Society
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- https://www.famous-trials.com/goetz/140-cantytestimony|title=The
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- https://www.villagevoice.com/bernard-goetz-notes-from-underground/|date=May
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230309172853/https://www.villagevoice.com/2020/08/07/bernard-goetz-notes-from-underground/|url-status=dead}}
- https://time.com/6277087/jordan-neely-bernhard-goetz-history/|access-date=May
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230505162923/https://time.com/6277087/jordan-neely-bernhard-goetz-history/|url-status=live}}
- https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/04/23/goetz-on-trial/?lp_txn_id=1436073|author-link=George
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025745/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/04/23/goetz-on-trial/?lp_txn_id=1436073|url-status=live}}
- https://opencasebook.org/casebooks/408-criminal-law-revisions-for-future-use/resources/16.10-the-trial-of-bernhard-goetz-goetzs-videotaped-confession/|publisher=H20|access-date=February
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230228155733/https://opencasebook.org/casebooks/408-criminal-law-revisions-for-future-use/resources/16.10-the-trial-of-bernhard-goetz-goetzs-videotaped-confession/|url-status=live}}
- https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/court-of-appeals/1986/68-n-y-2d-96-497-n-e-2d-41.html
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/02/28/Goetz-to-victim-You-dont-look-so-bad-Heres-another/6427478414800/
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/06/A-paralyzed-brain-damaged-victim-of-subway-gunman-Bernhard-Goetz/5898508050000/|date=February
- https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/06/nyregion/goetz-a-private-man-in-a-public-debate.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230309172852/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/06/nyregion/goetz-a-private-man-in-a-public-debate.html
- https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/12/14/wolf-or-wimp/
- http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120329094850/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-14/features/8604030432_1_mugged-subway-vigilante-new-york-city-subway/2
- https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhNqhrgkLcC&pg=PA47
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- http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120329084723/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-07/news/mn-11761_1_subway-gunman
- https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/03/nyregion/goetz-gets-140550-from-father-s-estate.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170814142358/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/03/nyregion/goetz-gets-140550-from-father-s-estate.html
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- https://web.archive.org/web/20150510233718/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,141513,00.html
- https://www.biography.com/people/bernhard-goetz-578520
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- https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/01/nyregion/man-tells-police-he-shot-youths-in-subway-train.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170902233449/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/01/nyregion/man-tells-police-he-shot-youths-in-subway-train.html
- https://books.google.com/books?id=VMEBAAAAMBAJ
- https://www.villagevoice.com/i-the-jury-the-black-community-at-gunpoint/
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- https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/nyregion/nyc-one-question-that-matters-in-goetz-case.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230308161538/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/nyregion/nyc-one-question-that-matters-in-goetz-case.html
- https://www.famous-trials.com/goetz/133-home|access-date=March
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230309172856/https://www.famous-trials.com/goetz/133-home|url-status=live}}
- https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/02/nyregion/irt-suspect-is-charged-as-fugitive.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070515/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/02/nyregion/irt-suspect-is-charged-as-fugitive.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/04/news/goetz-drove-across-new-england-for-several-days-before-surrender.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070728/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/04/news/goetz-drove-across-new-england-for-several-days-before-surrender.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/14/nyregion/jury-watches-an-angry-goetz-on-tape.html|title=Jury
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230329153023/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/14/nyregion/jury-watches-an-angry-goetz-on-tape.html|url-status=live}}
- https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/weekinreview/everybody-is-edgy-as-goetz-trial-opens.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204855/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/weekinreview/everybody-is-edgy-as-goetz-trial-opens.html
- http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/archives/p_goetz.htm
- https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/30/nyregion/you-have-to-think-in-a-cold-blooded-way.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170607233032/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/30/nyregion/you-have-to-think-in-a-cold-blooded-way.html
- http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1322122.html
- http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73818658.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+14%2C+1987&author=Margot+Hornblower&desc=Intended+to+Gouge+Eye+Of+Teen%2C+Goetz+Tape+Says%3B%60My+Problem+Was+I+Ran+Out+of+Bullets%27
- https://web.archive.org/web/20121023052130/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1322122.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/04/nyregion/no-headline-193196.html
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- https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/26/nyregion/grand-jury-votes-to-indict-goetz-only-on-gun-possession-charges.html
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- http://www.triroc.com/BHG/NYSvBG.htm
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